Japans Geisha Performers and Artisans

With paper-white skin, demur red-painted lips, glorious silk kimonos and elaborate jet-black hair, Japans geisha are one of the most iconic images associated with the Land of the Rising Sun. As a source of companionship and entertainment as early as 600, these geisha were trained in many arts, including poetry and performance.   However, it wasnt until 1750 that  images of the modern geisha  first appeared in historical documents, but from then, the geisha have epitomized the essence of beauty  in Japanese artisan culture, passing down their traditions to this day. Now, modern geisha share the traditions of their short-lived heyday with artists, tourists and businesspeople alike, perpetuating the best parts of their brief prominence in Japanese mainstream culture. Saburuko: The First Geisha The first geisha-like performers in recorded Japanese history were the saburuko  Ã¢â‚¬â€ or those who serve — who waited tables, made conversation and sometimes sold sexual favors sometime during the 600s. The higher-class saburuko danced and entertained at elite social events while ordinary saburuko were mostly the daughters of families left destitute in the social and political upheavals of the seventh century, the period of the Taika Reform. In 794, the Emperor Kammu moved his capital from Nara to Heian   Ã¢â‚¬â€ near present-day Kyoto. Yamato Japanese culture flourished during the Heian period, which witnessed the establishment of a particular standard of beauty, as well as the origins of the samurai warrior class. Shirabyoshi dancers and other talented female artists were in high demand throughout the Heian era, which lasted until 1185, and although they faded from mainstream appeal over the next 400 years, these dancers continued to pass their traditions on through the ages. Medieval Precursors to the Geisha By the 16th century  Ã¢â‚¬â€ following the end of the Sengoku period of chaos — major Japanese cities developed walled pleasure quarters where courtesans called yujo lived and worked as licensed prostitutes. The Tokugawa government classified them according to their beauty and accomplishments with the oiran —  who were early kabuki theater actresses as well as sex-trade workers — atop the yujo hierarchy. Samurai warriors were not permitted to partake in kabuki theater performances or the services of yujo by law; it was a violation of the class structure for members of the highest class (warriors) to mix with social outcasts such as actors and prostitutes. However, the idle samurai of unremittingly peaceful Tokugawa Japan found ways around these restrictions and became some of the best customers in the pleasure quarters. With a higher class of customers, a higher style of female entertainer also developed in the pleasure quarters. Highly skilled in dancing, singing and playing musical instruments such as the flute and shamisen, the  geisha that began performing did not rely on selling sexual favors for their income but were trained in the art of conversation and flirting. Among the most prized were geisha with a talent for  calligraphy or those who could improvise beautiful poetry with hidden layers of meaning. Birth of the Geisha Artisan History records that the first self-styled geisha was Kikuya, a talented shamisen player and prostitute who lived in Fukagawa around 1750. Throughout the late 18th and early 19th centuries, a number of other pleasure quarter residents began to make a name for themselves as talented musicians, dancers or poets, rather than simply as sex workers. The first official geisha were licensed in Kyoto in 1813, just fifty-five years before the Meiji Restoration, which ended the Tokugawa Shogunate and signaled the rapid modernization of Japan. Geisha did not disappear when the shogunate fell, despite the dissolution of the samurai class. It was World War II that really dealt a blow to the profession; almost all young women were expected to work in factories to support the war effort, and there were far fewer men left in Japan to patronize teahouses and bars. Historical Impact on Modern Culture Although the heyday of the geisha was short, the occupation still lives on in modern Japanese culture — however, some of the traditions have changed to adapt to the modern lifestyle of the people of Japan. Such is the case with the age young women begin geisha training. Traditionally, apprentice geisha called maiko began training at about age 6, but today all Japanese students must stay in school through age 15 thus girls in Kyoto can begin their training at 16, while those in Tokyo usually wait until they are 18. Popular with tourists and businesspeople alike, modern-day geisha support an entire industry within the eco-tourism industries of Japanese cities. They provide work for artists in all of the traditional skills of music, dance, calligraphy, who train the geisha in their  crafts. Geisha also buy top-of-the-line traditional products such as kimono, umbrellas, fans, shoes, and the sort, keeping craftsmen in work and preserving their knowledge and history for years to come.

Creative Writing A Short Story - 2216 Words

Oh my goodness look at how tall you’ve gotten, oh my.† â€Å"hi grandma missed you.† Jennifer’s mom, Elizabeth, hugged Ruth, â€Å"Hi mom how are you feeling?† â€Å"I’m fine honey, how are you, are you hungry i made some breakfast,† Ruth looked back at Jennifer, â€Å"I made some chocolate chip pancakes.† Jennifer ran to the kitchen and met her grandfather at the table with a large stack of pancakes and sat next to her grandpa. He looked up from his newspaper and gave her a smile, he set the paper next to her and Jennifer smiled at him, and then glanced at it and saw an article that read, â€Å"Beware Going Out at Night!†. Local police say to avoid going out after dark at any cost, late on Friday night a deranged psycho had escaped the city jail 5 miles out of†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"Are you sure you’re ready to date again? It’s only been a year since the accident.† â€Å"Yes mother I kno w I’m ready, Mark is very nice and a gentleman. He is as nice as he was.† Jen was listening from the stairs, she started to tear up when she heard this, â€Å"Alright as long as you think you’re ready I’ll support you, just call me tomorrow ok?† â€Å"Yes mom,† Jen quietly stood up and walked up the stairs to her room. She had a large room with a big french window and a balcony, she liked to sit out there before she went to bed to look at the bright moon, she could see it so clearly no matter where it was in the dark sky. She set her suitcase down on her bed and opened the windows and let the wind flow through her room, she did this out of habit. She heard her name being called, it sounded like her mother. She went to the staircase and waited to hear her name again, but this time she did not hear it downstairs†¦ it was down the hall, she sprinted down the hall and waited again, she called out, â€Å"Yes? Where are you?† She heard her name again, â€Å"...Jennifer†¦Show MoreRelatedCreative Writing : A Short Story1020 Words   |  5 PagesThe girls sat seperated in two stark, cold rooms. Each of the girls was sat at a table with a clear plastic cup of water sitting at arm’s length from them, both cups untouched. How could they drink when their best friend was no where to be seen? They had been having an innocent night of fun at Mercedes’ house three weeks ago, the first of many planned for the spring break, watching movies on Netflix and eating a pizza they ordered. The night was full of rambling about how classes were, drama floatingRead MoreShort Story : Creative Writing1550 Words   |  7 PagesIn the woods when the sun was just starting to set, there was a van driving on a long-abandoned road, behind the wheel of said van was a tired looking girl who seemed to be about 19. She took a sip of the long cold coffee, and turned to the turquoise haired girl sitting next to her. Hey uhhhh Cas, Cassie? Where are we? Noting the headphones, she stopped the car and turned around to inquire of the two boys in the back, Kenny, Timmy, do either of you have an idea where we are? It seems like weveRead MoreCreative Writing : A Short Story1281 Words   |  6 PagesSMACK! I was on my back, peering up at Josh as he laid on top me. â€Å"Gotc....† He begins to say but stopped. The look of victory slowly vanished from his face at the realization of how little space was between us. I could feel his heart hammering in his chest or maybe it was mine. Because, Josh was now searching my eyes as if he was looking for an answer to a question. His lips were only inches from mine and I could feel the heat coming off of them. Everything inside of me screamed to move awayRead MoreShort Story : Creative Writing865 Words   |  4 Pages Brrring! Brrring! Brrring! Brrring! â€Å"What is someone doing calling at 2am† whispers Dave groggily as he wipes his eyes and p icks up the phone. Yawning, somehow he manages to make something comprehendible come out of his mouth, â€Å"Hello? This is Dave speaking.† â€Å"Dave! This is Joe†¦ your old roommate from college. How are you doing?† â€Å"I am doing fine.† says Dave thinking and thinking about who Joe is when suddenly he remembers. At that moment he groans but manages to put out a polite response,Read MoreCreative Writing : A Short Story1037 Words   |  5 PagesThere she goes again. Mother can’t ever mind her own business, Seriously will it kill her to just leave her thoughts to herself. Little Mike came up tugging at her sleeve, his soft little fingers grasping at the cloth, a pull then another. â€Å"Yes sweetheart.† Mike looked at her, his finger pointed forwards, just at the edge of my vision. â€Å"It’s our turn now mommy.† She looked up; Mike quickly ran forward. â€Å"Woah slow down buddy, you can’t walk away by yourself.† Mike came to a sudden stop;he turned toRead MoreCreative Writing : A Short Story1102 Words   |  5 PagesWhen their parents entered their room, Charlie watched as Maggie walked to the window and kept her back to them. They could al l tell she was upset about something. Looking at Elliot, she pushed herself up further in the bed, as Callum grabbed Ian and took a seat on the chair next to her. Ben clasped his hands in front of him as he took a deep breath. â€Å"Ive been asked to stay here in order to help Rachel on her work supplying the Republic with power. I plan on asking Miles to let all of you andRead MoreCreative Writing : A Short Story1148 Words   |  5 Pagesbench nearby. And that’s what she was doing now. She sighed and stood up to go home. The next day she went to school and her best friend Sarina asked, â€Å"What’s wrong?† She then told her the whole story as she didn’t know what happened yesterday because she was absent. Hearing the story she said, â€Å" It’s a good thing that I upgraded my remote few days ago. You should go to the remote shop today after school.† Then they both went to class. When Maya entered her first class she saw Tasha andRead MoreCreative Writing : A Short Story1583 Words   |  7 Pagesforbid, if you don’t find it within two seconds, then youre most definitely an incompetent driver. Almost needless to say, Jason didn’t follow in the outlier’s footsteps, and he aced the questionnaire. Though he did take note that his examiner was creative with her questions. She was probably was deeply saddened that there wasn’t a convoluted touch screen to inquire about, Jason thought to himself. Finally all the formalities were complete, consequently, he took a second to get himself mentally, andRead MoreCreative Writing : A Short Story1440 Words   |  6 PagesPayday arrived for both me and Patsy, giving us the opportunity to attend the luxurious cinema and a wider variety of movies. As we stand before the array of movie posters, deciding between an action or comedy, somehow, how conversation shifts over to John. â€Å"He was so excited about the other night,† says Patsy. I abandon the posters and give her a questioning look. â€Å"About what?† â€Å"Well, first of all spending the evening with you, and then because you hugged him the way you did.† She taps her fingerRead MoreCreative Writing : A Short Story1615 Words   |  7 Pagestown to barter, we’ll ask around.† Shocked that her husband knows about Miles tattoo on her arm, Rachel clings to him in the silence, her mind racing at the possible implications. XXX Rachel sits stunned at the table, listening to Ben relay the story that he’s heard over and over in the village nearest to the house they’ve decided to ride out the winter in. â€Å"Soul Marks? How is that possible? These are just replicas of tattoos,† she replies with a disbelieving shake of her head. Ben shrugged

Multi Crew Pilots Licence free essay sample

â€Å"What we have to learn to do, we learn by doing. † (Aristotle, 384BC – 322BC) While the new Multi Crew Pilots Licence (MPL) embodies some good ideas, these could be implemented without creating an entirely new qualification with entirely new problems. It began when, at the request of the airlines, ICAO set up the Flight Crew Licensing and Training Panel (FCLTP) to review the system by which pilots become qualified to fly air transport aircraft as co-pilots for an airline. Some airlines believed the traditional system was outdated and irrelevant (Matschnigg, 2011). The emphasis for the solution was to be on better use of technology and better Crew Resource Management – essentially teamwork. This resulted in the creation of the MPL which was added to ICAO Annex 1 in 2006. The MPL is designed to train ab-initio students in airline procedures from the outset with increased use of simulators and overarching Threat and Error Management (TEM) and Crew Resource Management (CRM) principles. There are four phases – the core stage is conducted in a light aircraft, then the basic, intermediate and advanced stages are primarily conducted in simulators. Students are contracted to an airline from the beginning and procedures for that airline are taught throughout. Then after completing between six and twenty landings in an actual airliner the student begins initial operating experience (IOE) with their airline flying actual segments (ICAO, 2006). MPL graduates are averaging just 286 hours experience on completion of their course including 196 hours in simulators and just 15 hours as pilot in command (Matschnigg, 2011). This is an alternative to the traditional Commercial Pilot Licence (CPL) where a student completes a minimum of 200 hours in real aircraft in real environments including at least 100 hours as pilot in command experience (CAA, 2011). Progression then requires an instrument rating, a type rating and in most cases experience is gained by working in general aviation before a candidate can become a new-hire first officer. Advantages of the MPL over the CPL include safer training due to less actual flying, less pollution from simulators than real aircraft, less weather disruption to training, less noise near airports and less airspace congestion. The most controversial feature is the reduction of minimum hour requirements which Matschnigg (2011) regarded as â€Å"regulatory hurdles† and â€Å"box ticking. † A finished MPL also includes a type rating but a graduate can’t fly for any airline other than the airline they are contracted to until the IOE is complete. This caused problems for the first group of MPL students who began work for Sterling Airlines which subsequently folded before they had completed their IOE (Chandler, 2009). In this situation a student has to retrain for a CPL. One hallmark of the MPL is the high dependency on simulators. The idea that real experience is the best way to learn is not new and explains why the MPL has drawn criticism and has been dubbed the â€Å"Microsoft Pilots License†. According to Chandler (2009), the cost of running a simulator is four times less than that of running a real aircraft but supporters say that economic motivation is not the reason for the increased simulator usage. Schroeder amp; Harms (2007) claim the real motivation is to fully utilise increasingly high-fidelity simulators, although much of the training uses cheaper low-fidelity simulators (ICAO, 2006). Schroeder amp; Harms (2007) also concede that the â€Å"operations-oriented training approach could also reduce the duration and cost of pilot training. † A stronger motivation for the MPL concept is to avoid pilots reverting to the first practices they learned as student pilots flying small aircraft because some of these practices can be hazardous if reverted to in airliners (Matschnigg, 2011). Regression is a psychological defence mechanism against a difficult or frustrating experience – such as emergency situations and also training. When Comet pilots were converting to the Boeing 707 they had to learn to wait for the new aircraft to slow down on landing before reaching for the nose wheel steering. It took a lot of effort for these pilots to change this habit, and indeed it is doubtful that first-learned habits can ever be completely unlearned (Beaty, 1995; Orlady amp; Orlady, 1999). Therefore it is a commendable feature of the MPL that standard operating procedures, TEM and CRM are inherent because improved mental simulation and teamwork should decrease the occurrence of regression. However, according to Salas amp; Maurino (2010), task work should be learned before team work so the student should properly learn â€Å"stick and rudder† skills before integrating these with management theories, as the CPL already does. Another advantage of the MPL is that most instructors have airline experience which is a good way of teaching cadets good habits for their airline careers and to minimise regression. Typical CPL courses are taught by instructors with no airline experience and the MPL looks to change this, however there may not be enough instructors both willing and qualified to undertake large scale training (IFALPA, 2007). While some advantages of the MPL are clearer than others, the reduction of experience in actual aircraft has drawn justified criticism. Beaty (1995) defines learning as a change in behaviour as a result of experience. Most members of the MPL-founding FCLTP agreed that a proper MPL syllabus should include more flight hours rather than less (IFALPA, 2007). While as stated by Matschnigg (2011), it is agreed that flight hours alone are not a reliable indicator of pilot competency, experience is still proven to aid decision making in stressful situations. Low levels of experience lead to a high mental workload and therefore decreased performance (Robson, 2008). Novice pilots operate more at the Rule Based or Knowledge Based levels of performance as defined by Rasmussen (1986). These levels require more cognitive resources and take longer to facilitate a decision than the Skill Based level of performance which experienced operators are more able to utilise because any given situation is less likely to be novel to them. According to Reason (as cited by Salas amp; Maurino, 2010), the Knowledge Based level of performance has a worse than 50% error rate. Furthermore, the extra time a novice takes to come to a decision is not ideal if the situation is an emergency. Ramifications for the industry as a result of the MPL may include a loss of confidence from the public when an accident eventually occurs with an inexperienced pilot at the controls. The International Federation of Air Line Pilots’ Associations (IFALPA) believes cutting real flight hours in training will degrade safety because in an emergency both pilots can become task saturated meaning a pilot must be able to operate independently (IFALPA, 2007). One unusual occurrence illustrates how experience can also aid decision making between two pilots. On the 23rd of July, 1983 a 767 ran out of fuel flying over Canada and became the famous Gimli Glider. No published aerodromes were within gliding distance but fortunately the co-pilot once flew from an air force base near-by which was not published in airline documentation and was now decommissioned. The captain was an experienced glider pilot and was able to glide the airliner down and even side slip it on finals resulting in a successful emergency landing (Williams, 2003). Thus the pre-airline experience of both pilots resulted in good decision making and a positive outcome. Other ramifications may involve financial loss as a result of inflexible pilot rosters if some states refuse entry to MPL pilots. The MPL has advantages in the way it uses cutting edge technology and the most relevant procedures, however the proponents of the new licence have failed to convince most of ICAO’s 191 contracting states that it is a safe alternative to the traditional methods of becoming a first officer. Five years after the introduction of the MPL only 7% of ICAO states had implemented it. Notable participants are China, Australia, the UK and other European states while the notable absentee is the United States (Matschnigg, 2011). New Zealand has also abstained with Air New Zealand stating the current pilot induction process is satisfactory (Lamain, 2008). Matschnigg (2011) and Orlady amp; Orlady (1999) both predict the problem with reducing levels of experience in the right-hand seat yet the MPL appears to deliberately realise this prediction, even while the United States is moving in the opposite direction with Congress recently proposing a minimum of 1,500 hours for new-hire first officers (Karp, 2012). Therefore even while initial feedback shows MPL pilots are performing as well as pilots with traditional CPL’s (Buyck amp; Thomas, 2008; Matschnigg, 2011) the real test will be when an MPL graduate needs to assume full responsibility in a real emergency situation while they are still, ultimately, a novice operator. Then it will be seen if Aristotle was correct.

yo yo Essays - Dean Keates, Albert Keates, John Keates, Resea

eukrfghwjke rgjer john keates full free research paperjohn keates full free research paperjohn keates full free research paperjohn keates full free research paperjohn keates full free research paperjohn keates full free research paperjohn keates full free research paperjohn keates full free research paperjohn keates full free research paperjohn keates full free research paperjohn keates full free research paperjohn keates full free research paperjohn keates full free research paperjohn keates full free research paperjohn keates full free research paperjohn keates full free research paperjohn keates full free research paperjohn keates full free research paperjohn keates full free research paperjohn keates full free research paperjohn keates full free research paperjohn keates full free research paperjohn keates full free research paperjohn keates full free research paperjohn keates full free research paperjohn keates full free research paperjohn keates full free research paperjohn kea tes full free research paperjohn keates full free research paperjohn keates full free research paperjohn keates full free research paperjohn keates full free research paperjohn keates full free research paperjohn keates full free research paperjohn keates full free research paperjohn keates full free research paperjohn keates full free research paperjohn keates full free research paperjohn keates full free research paperjohn keates full free research paperjohn keates full free research paperjohn keates full free research paperjohn keates full free research paperjohn keates full free research paperjohn keates full free research paperjohn keates full free research paperjohn keates full free research paperjohn keates full free research paperjohn keates full free research paperjohn keates full free research paperjohn keates full free research paperjohn keates full free research paperjohn keates full free research paperjohn keates full free research paperjohn keates full free research pa perjohn keates full free research paperjohn keates full free research paperjohn keates full free research paperjohn keates full free research paperjohn keates full free research paperjohn keates full free research paperjohn keates full free research paperjohn keates full free research paperjohn keates full free research paperjohn keates full free research paperjohn keates full free research paperjohn keates full free research paperjohn keates full free research paperjohn keates full free research paperjohn keates full free research paperjohn keates full free research paperjohn keates full free research paperjohn keates full free research paperjohn keates full free research paperjohn keates full free research paperjohn keates full free research paperjohn keates full free research paperjohn keates full free research paperjohn keates full free research paperjohn keates full free research paperjohn keates full free research paperjohn keates full free research paperjohn keates full free research paperjohn keates full free research paper