Japans Geisha Performers and Artisans

With paper-white skin, demur red-painted lips, glorious silk kimonos and elaborate jet-black hair, Japans geisha are one of the most iconic images associated with the Land of the Rising Sun. As a source of companionship and entertainment as early as 600, these geisha were trained in many arts, including poetry and performance.   However, it wasnt until 1750 that  images of the modern geisha  first appeared in historical documents, but from then, the geisha have epitomized the essence of beauty  in Japanese artisan culture, passing down their traditions to this day. Now, modern geisha share the traditions of their short-lived heyday with artists, tourists and businesspeople alike, perpetuating the best parts of their brief prominence in Japanese mainstream culture. Saburuko: The First Geisha The first geisha-like performers in recorded Japanese history were the saburuko  Ã¢â‚¬â€ or those who serve — who waited tables, made conversation and sometimes sold sexual favors sometime during the 600s. The higher-class saburuko danced and entertained at elite social events while ordinary saburuko were mostly the daughters of families left destitute in the social and political upheavals of the seventh century, the period of the Taika Reform. In 794, the Emperor Kammu moved his capital from Nara to Heian   Ã¢â‚¬â€ near present-day Kyoto. Yamato Japanese culture flourished during the Heian period, which witnessed the establishment of a particular standard of beauty, as well as the origins of the samurai warrior class. Shirabyoshi dancers and other talented female artists were in high demand throughout the Heian era, which lasted until 1185, and although they faded from mainstream appeal over the next 400 years, these dancers continued to pass their traditions on through the ages. Medieval Precursors to the Geisha By the 16th century  Ã¢â‚¬â€ following the end of the Sengoku period of chaos — major Japanese cities developed walled pleasure quarters where courtesans called yujo lived and worked as licensed prostitutes. The Tokugawa government classified them according to their beauty and accomplishments with the oiran —  who were early kabuki theater actresses as well as sex-trade workers — atop the yujo hierarchy. Samurai warriors were not permitted to partake in kabuki theater performances or the services of yujo by law; it was a violation of the class structure for members of the highest class (warriors) to mix with social outcasts such as actors and prostitutes. However, the idle samurai of unremittingly peaceful Tokugawa Japan found ways around these restrictions and became some of the best customers in the pleasure quarters. With a higher class of customers, a higher style of female entertainer also developed in the pleasure quarters. Highly skilled in dancing, singing and playing musical instruments such as the flute and shamisen, the  geisha that began performing did not rely on selling sexual favors for their income but were trained in the art of conversation and flirting. Among the most prized were geisha with a talent for  calligraphy or those who could improvise beautiful poetry with hidden layers of meaning. Birth of the Geisha Artisan History records that the first self-styled geisha was Kikuya, a talented shamisen player and prostitute who lived in Fukagawa around 1750. Throughout the late 18th and early 19th centuries, a number of other pleasure quarter residents began to make a name for themselves as talented musicians, dancers or poets, rather than simply as sex workers. The first official geisha were licensed in Kyoto in 1813, just fifty-five years before the Meiji Restoration, which ended the Tokugawa Shogunate and signaled the rapid modernization of Japan. Geisha did not disappear when the shogunate fell, despite the dissolution of the samurai class. It was World War II that really dealt a blow to the profession; almost all young women were expected to work in factories to support the war effort, and there were far fewer men left in Japan to patronize teahouses and bars. Historical Impact on Modern Culture Although the heyday of the geisha was short, the occupation still lives on in modern Japanese culture — however, some of the traditions have changed to adapt to the modern lifestyle of the people of Japan. Such is the case with the age young women begin geisha training. Traditionally, apprentice geisha called maiko began training at about age 6, but today all Japanese students must stay in school through age 15 thus girls in Kyoto can begin their training at 16, while those in Tokyo usually wait until they are 18. Popular with tourists and businesspeople alike, modern-day geisha support an entire industry within the eco-tourism industries of Japanese cities. They provide work for artists in all of the traditional skills of music, dance, calligraphy, who train the geisha in their  crafts. Geisha also buy top-of-the-line traditional products such as kimono, umbrellas, fans, shoes, and the sort, keeping craftsmen in work and preserving their knowledge and history for years to come.

Creative Writing A Short Story - 2216 Words

Oh my goodness look at how tall you’ve gotten, oh my.† â€Å"hi grandma missed you.† Jennifer’s mom, Elizabeth, hugged Ruth, â€Å"Hi mom how are you feeling?† â€Å"I’m fine honey, how are you, are you hungry i made some breakfast,† Ruth looked back at Jennifer, â€Å"I made some chocolate chip pancakes.† Jennifer ran to the kitchen and met her grandfather at the table with a large stack of pancakes and sat next to her grandpa. He looked up from his newspaper and gave her a smile, he set the paper next to her and Jennifer smiled at him, and then glanced at it and saw an article that read, â€Å"Beware Going Out at Night!†. Local police say to avoid going out after dark at any cost, late on Friday night a deranged psycho had escaped the city jail 5 miles out of†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"Are you sure you’re ready to date again? It’s only been a year since the accident.† â€Å"Yes mother I kno w I’m ready, Mark is very nice and a gentleman. He is as nice as he was.† Jen was listening from the stairs, she started to tear up when she heard this, â€Å"Alright as long as you think you’re ready I’ll support you, just call me tomorrow ok?† â€Å"Yes mom,† Jen quietly stood up and walked up the stairs to her room. She had a large room with a big french window and a balcony, she liked to sit out there before she went to bed to look at the bright moon, she could see it so clearly no matter where it was in the dark sky. She set her suitcase down on her bed and opened the windows and let the wind flow through her room, she did this out of habit. She heard her name being called, it sounded like her mother. She went to the staircase and waited to hear her name again, but this time she did not hear it downstairs†¦ it was down the hall, she sprinted down the hall and waited again, she called out, â€Å"Yes? Where are you?† She heard her name again, â€Å"...Jennifer†¦Show MoreRelatedCreative Writing : A Short Story1020 Words   |  5 PagesThe girls sat seperated in two stark, cold rooms. Each of the girls was sat at a table with a clear plastic cup of water sitting at arm’s length from them, both cups untouched. How could they drink when their best friend was no where to be seen? They had been having an innocent night of fun at Mercedes’ house three weeks ago, the first of many planned for the spring break, watching movies on Netflix and eating a pizza they ordered. The night was full of rambling about how classes were, drama floatingRead MoreShort Story : Creative Writing1550 Words   |  7 PagesIn the woods when the sun was just starting to set, there was a van driving on a long-abandoned road, behind the wheel of said van was a tired looking girl who seemed to be about 19. She took a sip of the long cold coffee, and turned to the turquoise haired girl sitting next to her. Hey uhhhh Cas, Cassie? Where are we? Noting the headphones, she stopped the car and turned around to inquire of the two boys in the back, Kenny, Timmy, do either of you have an idea where we are? It seems like weveRead MoreCreative Writing : A Short Story1281 Words   |  6 PagesSMACK! I was on my back, peering up at Josh as he laid on top me. â€Å"Gotc....† He begins to say but stopped. The look of victory slowly vanished from his face at the realization of how little space was between us. I could feel his heart hammering in his chest or maybe it was mine. Because, Josh was now searching my eyes as if he was looking for an answer to a question. His lips were only inches from mine and I could feel the heat coming off of them. Everything inside of me screamed to move awayRead MoreShort Story : Creative Writing865 Words   |  4 Pages Brrring! Brrring! Brrring! Brrring! â€Å"What is someone doing calling at 2am† whispers Dave groggily as he wipes his eyes and p icks up the phone. Yawning, somehow he manages to make something comprehendible come out of his mouth, â€Å"Hello? This is Dave speaking.† â€Å"Dave! This is Joe†¦ your old roommate from college. How are you doing?† â€Å"I am doing fine.† says Dave thinking and thinking about who Joe is when suddenly he remembers. At that moment he groans but manages to put out a polite response,Read MoreCreative Writing : A Short Story1037 Words   |  5 PagesThere she goes again. Mother can’t ever mind her own business, Seriously will it kill her to just leave her thoughts to herself. Little Mike came up tugging at her sleeve, his soft little fingers grasping at the cloth, a pull then another. â€Å"Yes sweetheart.† Mike looked at her, his finger pointed forwards, just at the edge of my vision. â€Å"It’s our turn now mommy.† She looked up; Mike quickly ran forward. â€Å"Woah slow down buddy, you can’t walk away by yourself.† Mike came to a sudden stop;he turned toRead MoreCreative Writing : A Short Story1102 Words   |  5 PagesWhen their parents entered their room, Charlie watched as Maggie walked to the window and kept her back to them. They could al l tell she was upset about something. Looking at Elliot, she pushed herself up further in the bed, as Callum grabbed Ian and took a seat on the chair next to her. Ben clasped his hands in front of him as he took a deep breath. â€Å"Ive been asked to stay here in order to help Rachel on her work supplying the Republic with power. I plan on asking Miles to let all of you andRead MoreCreative Writing : A Short Story1148 Words   |  5 Pagesbench nearby. And that’s what she was doing now. She sighed and stood up to go home. The next day she went to school and her best friend Sarina asked, â€Å"What’s wrong?† She then told her the whole story as she didn’t know what happened yesterday because she was absent. Hearing the story she said, â€Å" It’s a good thing that I upgraded my remote few days ago. You should go to the remote shop today after school.† Then they both went to class. When Maya entered her first class she saw Tasha andRead MoreCreative Writing : A Short Story1583 Words   |  7 Pagesforbid, if you don’t find it within two seconds, then youre most definitely an incompetent driver. Almost needless to say, Jason didn’t follow in the outlier’s footsteps, and he aced the questionnaire. Though he did take note that his examiner was creative with her questions. She was probably was deeply saddened that there wasn’t a convoluted touch screen to inquire about, Jason thought to himself. Finally all the formalities were complete, consequently, he took a second to get himself mentally, andRead MoreCreative Writing : A Short Story1440 Words   |  6 PagesPayday arrived for both me and Patsy, giving us the opportunity to attend the luxurious cinema and a wider variety of movies. As we stand before the array of movie posters, deciding between an action or comedy, somehow, how conversation shifts over to John. â€Å"He was so excited about the other night,† says Patsy. I abandon the posters and give her a questioning look. â€Å"About what?† â€Å"Well, first of all spending the evening with you, and then because you hugged him the way you did.† She taps her fingerRead MoreCreative Writing : A Short Story1615 Words   |  7 Pagestown to barter, we’ll ask around.† Shocked that her husband knows about Miles tattoo on her arm, Rachel clings to him in the silence, her mind racing at the possible implications. XXX Rachel sits stunned at the table, listening to Ben relay the story that he’s heard over and over in the village nearest to the house they’ve decided to ride out the winter in. â€Å"Soul Marks? How is that possible? These are just replicas of tattoos,† she replies with a disbelieving shake of her head. Ben shrugged

Multi Crew Pilots Licence free essay sample

â€Å"What we have to learn to do, we learn by doing. † (Aristotle, 384BC – 322BC) While the new Multi Crew Pilots Licence (MPL) embodies some good ideas, these could be implemented without creating an entirely new qualification with entirely new problems. It began when, at the request of the airlines, ICAO set up the Flight Crew Licensing and Training Panel (FCLTP) to review the system by which pilots become qualified to fly air transport aircraft as co-pilots for an airline. Some airlines believed the traditional system was outdated and irrelevant (Matschnigg, 2011). The emphasis for the solution was to be on better use of technology and better Crew Resource Management – essentially teamwork. This resulted in the creation of the MPL which was added to ICAO Annex 1 in 2006. The MPL is designed to train ab-initio students in airline procedures from the outset with increased use of simulators and overarching Threat and Error Management (TEM) and Crew Resource Management (CRM) principles. There are four phases – the core stage is conducted in a light aircraft, then the basic, intermediate and advanced stages are primarily conducted in simulators. Students are contracted to an airline from the beginning and procedures for that airline are taught throughout. Then after completing between six and twenty landings in an actual airliner the student begins initial operating experience (IOE) with their airline flying actual segments (ICAO, 2006). MPL graduates are averaging just 286 hours experience on completion of their course including 196 hours in simulators and just 15 hours as pilot in command (Matschnigg, 2011). This is an alternative to the traditional Commercial Pilot Licence (CPL) where a student completes a minimum of 200 hours in real aircraft in real environments including at least 100 hours as pilot in command experience (CAA, 2011). Progression then requires an instrument rating, a type rating and in most cases experience is gained by working in general aviation before a candidate can become a new-hire first officer. Advantages of the MPL over the CPL include safer training due to less actual flying, less pollution from simulators than real aircraft, less weather disruption to training, less noise near airports and less airspace congestion. The most controversial feature is the reduction of minimum hour requirements which Matschnigg (2011) regarded as â€Å"regulatory hurdles† and â€Å"box ticking. † A finished MPL also includes a type rating but a graduate can’t fly for any airline other than the airline they are contracted to until the IOE is complete. This caused problems for the first group of MPL students who began work for Sterling Airlines which subsequently folded before they had completed their IOE (Chandler, 2009). In this situation a student has to retrain for a CPL. One hallmark of the MPL is the high dependency on simulators. The idea that real experience is the best way to learn is not new and explains why the MPL has drawn criticism and has been dubbed the â€Å"Microsoft Pilots License†. According to Chandler (2009), the cost of running a simulator is four times less than that of running a real aircraft but supporters say that economic motivation is not the reason for the increased simulator usage. Schroeder amp; Harms (2007) claim the real motivation is to fully utilise increasingly high-fidelity simulators, although much of the training uses cheaper low-fidelity simulators (ICAO, 2006). Schroeder amp; Harms (2007) also concede that the â€Å"operations-oriented training approach could also reduce the duration and cost of pilot training. † A stronger motivation for the MPL concept is to avoid pilots reverting to the first practices they learned as student pilots flying small aircraft because some of these practices can be hazardous if reverted to in airliners (Matschnigg, 2011). Regression is a psychological defence mechanism against a difficult or frustrating experience – such as emergency situations and also training. When Comet pilots were converting to the Boeing 707 they had to learn to wait for the new aircraft to slow down on landing before reaching for the nose wheel steering. It took a lot of effort for these pilots to change this habit, and indeed it is doubtful that first-learned habits can ever be completely unlearned (Beaty, 1995; Orlady amp; Orlady, 1999). Therefore it is a commendable feature of the MPL that standard operating procedures, TEM and CRM are inherent because improved mental simulation and teamwork should decrease the occurrence of regression. However, according to Salas amp; Maurino (2010), task work should be learned before team work so the student should properly learn â€Å"stick and rudder† skills before integrating these with management theories, as the CPL already does. Another advantage of the MPL is that most instructors have airline experience which is a good way of teaching cadets good habits for their airline careers and to minimise regression. Typical CPL courses are taught by instructors with no airline experience and the MPL looks to change this, however there may not be enough instructors both willing and qualified to undertake large scale training (IFALPA, 2007). While some advantages of the MPL are clearer than others, the reduction of experience in actual aircraft has drawn justified criticism. Beaty (1995) defines learning as a change in behaviour as a result of experience. Most members of the MPL-founding FCLTP agreed that a proper MPL syllabus should include more flight hours rather than less (IFALPA, 2007). While as stated by Matschnigg (2011), it is agreed that flight hours alone are not a reliable indicator of pilot competency, experience is still proven to aid decision making in stressful situations. Low levels of experience lead to a high mental workload and therefore decreased performance (Robson, 2008). Novice pilots operate more at the Rule Based or Knowledge Based levels of performance as defined by Rasmussen (1986). These levels require more cognitive resources and take longer to facilitate a decision than the Skill Based level of performance which experienced operators are more able to utilise because any given situation is less likely to be novel to them. According to Reason (as cited by Salas amp; Maurino, 2010), the Knowledge Based level of performance has a worse than 50% error rate. Furthermore, the extra time a novice takes to come to a decision is not ideal if the situation is an emergency. Ramifications for the industry as a result of the MPL may include a loss of confidence from the public when an accident eventually occurs with an inexperienced pilot at the controls. The International Federation of Air Line Pilots’ Associations (IFALPA) believes cutting real flight hours in training will degrade safety because in an emergency both pilots can become task saturated meaning a pilot must be able to operate independently (IFALPA, 2007). One unusual occurrence illustrates how experience can also aid decision making between two pilots. On the 23rd of July, 1983 a 767 ran out of fuel flying over Canada and became the famous Gimli Glider. No published aerodromes were within gliding distance but fortunately the co-pilot once flew from an air force base near-by which was not published in airline documentation and was now decommissioned. The captain was an experienced glider pilot and was able to glide the airliner down and even side slip it on finals resulting in a successful emergency landing (Williams, 2003). Thus the pre-airline experience of both pilots resulted in good decision making and a positive outcome. Other ramifications may involve financial loss as a result of inflexible pilot rosters if some states refuse entry to MPL pilots. The MPL has advantages in the way it uses cutting edge technology and the most relevant procedures, however the proponents of the new licence have failed to convince most of ICAO’s 191 contracting states that it is a safe alternative to the traditional methods of becoming a first officer. Five years after the introduction of the MPL only 7% of ICAO states had implemented it. Notable participants are China, Australia, the UK and other European states while the notable absentee is the United States (Matschnigg, 2011). New Zealand has also abstained with Air New Zealand stating the current pilot induction process is satisfactory (Lamain, 2008). Matschnigg (2011) and Orlady amp; Orlady (1999) both predict the problem with reducing levels of experience in the right-hand seat yet the MPL appears to deliberately realise this prediction, even while the United States is moving in the opposite direction with Congress recently proposing a minimum of 1,500 hours for new-hire first officers (Karp, 2012). Therefore even while initial feedback shows MPL pilots are performing as well as pilots with traditional CPL’s (Buyck amp; Thomas, 2008; Matschnigg, 2011) the real test will be when an MPL graduate needs to assume full responsibility in a real emergency situation while they are still, ultimately, a novice operator. Then it will be seen if Aristotle was correct.

yo yo Essays - Dean Keates, Albert Keates, John Keates, Resea

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Holocaust Study Guide

Holocaust Study Guide TYPES OF CAMPS1. One of the types of camps owned by the Nazis was concentration camps. The inmates there were forced to work under harsh conditions and starvation2. The second type of camps was actual death camps. These camps were just made to kill Jewish people and other groups who were classified as enemies of the Nazis.3. There was also a third type of camp called Red Cross camps. At these camps the Red Cross was able to come in and tend for the Jewish people there.PEOPLE INVOLVED4. There were many people who were killed in the Holocaust. Along with the Jews, non-Jewish Poles, alleged communists, political opposition, members of resistance groups, Catholic and Protestant opponents, unionists, homosexuals, physically handicapped, mentally retarted, soviet prisoners of war, Jehovah's Witnesses, anti-Nazi clergy, and psychiatric patients were all killed.5. The Nazis ran the camps and had German doctros perform tests on the prisoners.English: JW Armband

Van Der Waals Forces Definition

Van Der Waals Forces Definition Van der Waals Forces are the weak forces which contribute to intermolecular bonding  between molecules. Molecules inherently possess energy and their electrons are always in motion, so transient concentrations of electrons in one region or another lead electrically positive regions of a molecule to be attracted to the electrons of another molecule. Similarly, negatively-charged regions of one molecule are repulsed by negatively-charged regions of another molecule. Van der Waals forces are the sum of the attractive and repulsive electrical forces between atoms and molecules. These forces differ from covalent and ionic chemical bonding because they result from fluctuations in charge density of particles. Examples of van der Waals forces include hydrogen bonding, dispersion forces, and dipole-dipole interactions. Key Takeaways: Van der Waals Forces Van der Waals forces are distance-dependent forces between atoms and molecule not associated with covalent or ionic chemical bonds.Sometimes the term is used to encompass all intermolecular forces, although some scientists only include London dispersion force, Debye force, and Keeson force.Van der Waals forces are the weakest of the chemical forces, but they still play an important role in the properties of molecules and in surface science. Properties of Van der Waals Forces Certain characteristics are displayed by van der Waals forces: The forces are additive.The forces are weaker than either ionic or covalent chemical bonds.They are not directional.The forces act only over a very short range. The interaction is greater when molecules draw closer.Van der Waals forces are independent of temperature, with the exception of dipole-dipole interactions. Components of Van der Waals Forces Van der Waals forces are the weakest intermolecular forces. Their strength typically ranges from 0.4 to 4 kJ/mol and act over distances less than 0.6 nm. When the distance is less than 0.4 nm, the net effect of the forces is repulsive as electron clouds repel each other. There are four major contributions to van der Waals forces: There is a negative component that prevents molecules from collapsing. This is due to the Pauli exclusion principle.Either an attractive or repulsive electrostatic interaction occurs between permanent charges, dipoles, quadrupoles, and multipoles. This interaction is called Keesom interaction or Keesom force, named for Willem Hendrik Keesom.Induction or polarization occurs. This is an attractive force between a permanent polarity on one molecule and an induced polarity on another. This interaction is called the Debye force for Peter J.W. Debye.London dispersion force is the attraction between any pair of molecules due to instantaneous polarization. The force is named after Fritz London. Note even nonpolar molecules experience London dispersion. Van der Waals Forces, Geckos, and Arthropods Geckos, insects, and some spiders have setae on their foot pads that allow them to climb extremely smooth surfaces, such as glass. In fact, a gecko can even hang from a single toe! Scientists have proposed numerous explanations for the phenomena, but it turns out the primary cause of the adhesion is the electrostatic force more than van der Waals forces or capillary action. Researchers have produced dry glue and adhesive tape based on analysis of gecko and spider feet. The stickiness results both from tiny velcro-like hair and also the addition of lipids, which are found on gecko feet. Gecko feet are sticky because of van der Waals forces, electrostatic forces, and lipids found on their skin. StephanHoerold / Getty Images Real-Life Spiderman In 2014, DARPA tested its Geckskin, a material based on the setae of gecko footpads. A 100-kg researcher, carrying an additional 20 kg of gear, scaled an 8 m (26 ft) glass wall using two climbing paddles. The goal is to give military personnel Spiderman-like abilities. Scientists have found a way to use van der Waals forces to help people cling to smooth surfaces, such as glass and walls. OrangeDukeProductions / Getty Images Sources Autumn, Kellar; Sitti, Metin; Liang, Yiching A.; Peattie, Anne M.; Hansen, Wendy R.; Sponberg, Simon; Kenny, Thomas W.; Fearing, Ronald; Israelachvili, Jacob N.; Full, Robert J. (2002). Evidence for van der Waals adhesion in gecko setae. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 99 (19): 12252–6. doi:10.1073/pnas.192252799Dzyaloshinskii, I. D.; Lifshitz, E. M.; Pitaevskii, L. P. (1961). General theory of van der Waals forces. Soviet Physics Uspekhi. 4 (2): 153. doi:10.1070/PU1961v004n02ABEH003330Israelachvili, J. (1985–2004). Intermolecular and Surface Forces. Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-12-375181-2.Parsegian, V. A. (2006). van der Waals Forces: A Handbook for Biologists, Chemists, Engineers, and Physicists. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-83906-8.Wolff, J. O.; Gorb, S. N. (18 May 2011). The influence of humidity on the attachment ability of the spider Philodromus dispar (Araneae, Philodromidae). Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 279 (1726): 139–143. doi:10.1098/rspb.2011.0505

Effect of Length on the Survival Rate of Woodlice Essay

Effect of Length on the Survival Rate of Woodlice - Essay Example Conspicuous variation existed in some of the traits such as weight and sprint time. The length of the woodlice was slightly similar but within the required range, the dorsal plate number was same among the woodlice. With regards to the experiment, the length was chosen as the preferred variable. The length of these woodlice was related with sprint time in the presence of spider as the predator (forceps were used as simulator). The aim was to see how the change of length can affect the survival of these woodlice and in biological perspective when related to evolution for example, the length varied or changed in order for these woodlice to be able to evade there predators. The design of this experiment was to see how the woodlice with different lengths could respond to the spider which was the predator. The experiment hypothesis was, the higher the woodlouse length the higher the possibility that it will die. Hence the null hypothesis was, woodlice are not able to respond to predators. Method In the experiment, the basis on how to control a woodlice population was fundamental. With regards to this, forty woodlice were put on a tray with soil. Then the spider as the predator was included on the tray. The forceps were used to simulate the spider. After all these were set, it was left for some time to enable the woodlice to interact with the spiders. Later after sometime, observations were made on the tray; the number of dead and survived woodlice was recorded with their corresponding length. Woodlice were first killed in order to obtain their length. 20 individuals of the woodlice population were measured without performing any replications, and were taken as an experimental control. The other 20 was measured as well. Basically, these processes... In the experiment, the basis on how to control a woodlice population was fundamental. With regards to this, forty woodlice were put on a tray with soil. Then the spider as the predator was included on the tray. The forceps were used to simulate the spider. After all these were set, it was left for some time to enable the woodlice to interact with the spiders. Later after sometime, observations were made on the tray; the number of dead and survived woodlice was recorded with their corresponding length. Woodlice were first killed in order to obtain their length. 20 individuals of the woodlice population were measured without performing any replications, and were taken as an experimental control. The other 20 was measured as well. Basically, these processes were done in order to ascertain whether the length has a significant effect to the survival. The experiment was ran alongside the control, whereby the forceps were used as a simulator to the spider. The control results indicated free ly that almost 100% of the woodlice never died. Therefore the experiment was valid at 95% confident. ResultsBasing on the 20 samples selected randomly from the population, the average values of the four traits was calculated and recorded as shown in the table 1.The standard deviation which indicated the amount of variation among the proportions was also calculated. Besides standard error was as well calculated to determine the accuracy related to average values that represent the whole population.

Comparison therapy of Tocilizumab+ MTX vs Riruximab+MTX in treatment Essay

Comparison therapy of Tocilizumab+ MTX vs Riruximab+MTX in treatment of active rhuematoid arthritis - Essay Example rature on two new agents, tocilizumab and rituximab was collected, and the reports examining the safety and efficacy of these two novel agents alone or in combination with methotrexate in the treatment of active rheumatoid arthritis were reviewed through a qualitative methodology. Some trials have indicated positive effects of combination of tocilizumab and rituximab with methotrexate. Rituximab successfully causes depletion of B lymphocytes in refractory cases of RA and may be a key component in the interruption of the disease pathogenesis. It is expected that once data from clinical trials are available, tocilizumab will be used with the same goal of increasing symptom-free period and preventing joint destruction. However, based on the results of the literature review, it can be stated that for a long-term therapy of active rheumatoid arthritis, rituximab and methotrexate combination is safer and more efficacious than tocilizumab and methotrexate combination, although more long-term trials are necessary for the later combination. As far as the facts from literature review are concerned, although the efficacy of both these regimens have been established based on standard criteria, and given this scenario, although rough comparison in different parameters of efficacy and safety can be made, a decisive conclusion is not possible without further trial or research. Since there are different parameters of a clinically effective treatment, an identical comparison of both the regimens are needed, with the problem being selection of patients with identical baseline. A comparison is also necessary based on patient’s perception on the symptoms. A future trial involving these criteria may be needed to arrive at a guideline based on these regimens. Figure 6: Percentage of responders according to the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) improvement criteria and the Disease Activity Score in 28 joints (DAS28) as well as mean change in Modified Health Assessment

Speech Analysis Essay Example for Free

Speech Analysis Essay The speech about homelessness in the United States was a great one, but there were few things that needs to be improved. He needs to avoid speaking too fast, and the camera should be focused on the speaker alone. While giving a speech, it is very important for the speaker to present his points clearly and concisely. However, this speech can be improved if the presenter takes into consideration the speed of his speech. The speech was very good likewise the structure of his presentation. In addition, the way he presented himself, vocabulary used, and the way he organized his point were fantabulous. However, he ended his speech with a rhetorical question saying â€Å"Are we willing to change?† Beyond no reasonable doubt, the question he left was meant for no one to answer, but a change is required in order to counteract this question. Generally speaking, my overall grade for this speech is an A.

If I Do Not Possess Integrity, I Am No One Essays -- Educational Caree

Integrity is the quality of being honest and having strong moral principles. I have taken in stride these qualities throughout the years of my life. I have been taught integrity by my parents and by many teachers in my educational and personal life. Without integrity there is no trust or respect for people in the world. Amy Rees Anderson as an entrepreneur turned into a counselor and angel investor, shares her opinions on integrity in business and life experiences. Also Brett and Kate McKay take a look at the things that challenge your integrity and the consequence of your choices. In the article â€Å"Success Will Come and Go, But Integrity is Forever† by Amy Rees Anderson, Amy gives her definition of integrity and includes experiences she has witnessed as an entrepreneur and counselor. Amy’s definition of integrity is â€Å"doing the right thing at all times and in all circumstances, whether or not anyone is watching.† This is the best way to explain integrity; just as I have experienced recently in my Business Law class. During a test, there was no supervision and a lot of students put aside their integrity and put themselves and others in a difficult situation. The author goes on to say that â€Å"It takes having the courage to do the right thing, no matter what the consequences will be.† The majority of the students who did cheated confessed to their faults. It takes a long time to build integrity, especially in educational setting like college. Most classes last around 5 months each semester and according to Amy, integrity ta kes years to build. Within one class, the class integrity was lost and I’m sure there is no real trust between the professor and student. If someone cheats once, it’s very possible that they will cheat again. Even ... ...restaurant. The person then thinks oh â€Å"What the hell?† only this once, I’ll start the diet again tomorrow. The same thing can occur in other aspects of integrity. You compromise cheating for the moment and before you know it, you’re cheating all the time. All in all, once you compromise your integrity it’s hard to gain it back. There are many reasons why people compromise their integrity in education, careers, and in personal life. It is up to them to make the right decisions that will develop them into better, well respected people in the world. Works Cited Anderson, Amy Rees. "Success Will Come and Go, But Integrity Is Forever." Forbes. Forbes Magazine, 28 Nov. 2012. Web. 26 Nov. 2013. McKay, Brett & Kate. "What Strengthens and Weakens Our Integrity – Part I: Why Small Choices Count." The Art of Manliness RSS. N.p., 5 Aug. 2013. Web. 26 Nov. 2013.

Tracey †Wiersema Triple Axis (Operational Excellence)

Treacy and Wiersema assert that companies achieve leadership positions by narrowing, not broadening their business focus. Treacy and Wiersema identify three â€Å"value-disciplines† that can serve as the basis for strategy: operational excellence, customer intimacy, and product leadership. As with driving forces, only one of these value disciplines can serve as the basis for strategy. Treacy and Wiersema’s three value disciplines are briefly defined below: Operational Excellence: Strategy is predicated on the production and delivery of products and services. The objective is to lead the industry in terms of price and convenience. Customer Intimacy: Strategy is predicated on tailoring and shaping products and services to fit an increasingly fine definition of the customer. The objective is long-term customer loyalty and long-term customer profitability. Product Leadership: Strategy is predicated on producing a continuous stream of state-of-the-art products and services. The objective is the quick commercialization of new ideas. Dr. Franklin C. Lewis set up Energy Services Providers Inc. n October 2002, obtaining approvals from the New York Public Service Commission, the New York Independent System Operator, and various New York utilities. By April 2003 he started serving customers, from an office in his home on a quiet hill in Vermont. In 2005 ESPI became the largest electricity supplier in the National Grid territory in New York, with more accounts than any competitor, and by November 2007 the business became so big Lewis decided to move to premises in Williamstown, in the northwestern tip of Massachusetts. Some electricity suppliers attract new customers by offering amazing deals for three months, but require the customer to sign a contract for a year or two or more. ESPI does not have any contracts or cancellation fees. They just say, â€Å"try us and see. † Every company likes to advertise its customer service, but few live up to their promises. In the deregulated electricity market, however, ESPI has found that superior customer service is a sure way to differentiate itself. Many supply companies tend to do a churn and burn. They put telemarketers on to call a territory, get as many customers as they can, then go to the next territory. They don’t care whether those customers are saving money or not. † The ESPI business model is all about educating customers to save money on their electricity bills, which is a great incentive for new customers, and once they begin to realize the benefits, they tend to stay. Since deregulation, customers have been changing electric ity suppliers almost as fast as their socks, but ESPI can boast of customers who have remained loyal since 2003. Another service offered is help with grant applications to NYSERDA, the New York State Energy Research and Development Authority, which offers grants to businesses for projects that will reduce their usage of electricity, whether by installing energy-efficient lighting or a new refrigeration unit. ESPI has experts who know exactly which form to fill out, how to do it, and they can walk you through it. ESPI dwells upon superb operations and execution. It is provided by their reasonable quality at very low cost. They have a task-oriented vision towards personnel which helps them excel amongst their competitors.

Building a Child’s Playhouse

This is an important issue because it concerns the welfare of children. Their mental health, wellbeing and recreation! The greatest parental happiness and the greatest parental worry are related to the joy and sorrow of their children. If you involve the children in building their own house, a Child’s Playhouse, you provide an outlet to them for their creative endeavors. But fortunately or unfortunately, commercialization of the Playhouse projects has robbed a big portion of creativity that really belongs to children.Yet, the concept of Playhouse still fascinates children and they feel a sense of involvement, in going through the literature, designs and colorful photographs concerning this project. Their involvement in the process of selection of the house thrills them. In the present day modern materialistic world, when there are too many unhealthy distractions for the children, to create social and home loving feelings in their minds is one of the solid achievements of conce pts like building a Child’s Playhouse. If such a house is at the countryside so much the better!It helps to cement the bonds between the children and Mother Nature with all her flora and fauna! If the children born and brought up in metropolitan cities were to stay in the Children’s Playhouse at the countryside, it will leave deep favorable impression on the formative minds. They will experience the difference between the concrete jungle and the real jungle of the birds and animals! Background information: Children are no ordinary market for the business giants. In fact, they are the main targets for food items and colas. The multinationals have staggering budgets running into millions of dollars to hook the children to their products.The business of costly, commercial Playhouses and Cottages has been taken over by the business community. â€Å"Do-It-Yourself Playhouse Building Plans, Build a new Playhouse, Play Fort, Kid's Cottage, or Child-Size Backyard Cabin for yo ur kids. These plans are crafted by experts and by the editors of magazines like Family Handyman, Garden Gate, WOOD Magazine, Workbench and more. They come with clear illustrations and step-by-step instructions to make your work easy. Most of the plans include complete material lists. (Summerwood Products)That’s about the real Playhouse, let us say, the architect’s playhouse, which is like a housing project, with the stamp of children’s enjoyment program. Naturally, the main emphasis of such types of Playhouses is what maximum happiness and sporting activities the house can provide for the children! In the construction of such Playhouses, the role of children in the process of construction and finishing is very limited, because every thing is related to the house arrives in a packed container/parcel, and the assembling part of such ‘engineering units’ also belongs to the company-trained personnel.Sometimes, children are mere observers; only they get the visual joy of the house being assembled by experts in front of their eyes. It is not possible to provide clear cut dimensions of a playhouse . The design and the area can be anything. The definition of a playhouse is, â€Å"a small structure that looks like a house and is big enough for children to play in. †(Collins Cobuild English Language Dictionary) The children did build their Playhouses and found their own channels of happiness since time immemorial. But the models and designs have undergone metamorphic changes.In olden days, children built Playhouses using mud, tree leaves and branches, to play and enjoy the games created by them. They were low budget or no-budget playhouses, created for the sake of temporary enjoyments, during week ends and during holidays. There was more joy and less capital investment in such Playhouses. The study of the problem: During my study of the Playhouse phenomenon, I found the mushroom growth of playhouses of all sizes, varieties and d esigns. It has become a fashion with the city folk to own a Children’s Playhouse at the countryside. It is ‘construction activity’ in full swing!The Child’s Playhouse has almost become synonymous Holiday Homes built for employees by Banks, Multinational Corporations etc. The original purpose of building the play house for children was altogether different. It was by the children, for the children and to the children! If it is a real playhouse for children, the joy and the activity element in building the Playhouse, needs to be the exclusive property of the children. If the children remain present during the inaugural ceremony of a newly constructed playhouse by their rich parents, well, it is still a playhouse but much of the joy essence is not in it.Let the parents spend some quality time with their children. Have a close look at this observation by a father happily observing his child engaged in building something of her own! â€Å"Later, while recoveri ng from the shopping experience, I didn't notice Ana busy in her room–until I was called for a â€Å"fitting. † Resting on green sponge soles was a converted shoe box, with painted laces hooked around colored paper clips. My new â€Å"shoe† had everything: bagel stickers on its sides and sports-card toes, rivaling the best in-store models.Children in today's â€Å"media generation† often don't make things at home, and they often construct objects only in cyberspace. Computer games, and even the new Logos[R], come with hefty instruction manuals for constructing very specific pre-determined forms. Art teachers need to consider the importance of children making things, building by hand, constructing their own objects without formulas or patterns. † (Szekely, February 2001) Cost of building a Playhouse and material required: This is a highly hypothetical question and no fixed answer can be given.It all depends upon one’s requirements and plan. Wh at is important is the involvement of children in the construction of the house. That is the real Playhouse. It can be a low-budget simple cardboard playhouse, created by appliance boxes. Children need not be told how cut holes, windows and doors and install air conditioners! You can provide the children with dozens of boxes so that they can build a real big playhouse with all the furnishings like curtains, wall decorations and even a table tennis court! They can paint the house and make the interior decorations of their choice.And if you wish to go for real Play Houses, all that you have to do is go through the various catalogues and do the selection in consultation with your children, the real masters of the Play Houses! The material used for such Playhouses is of high quality and as per approved specifications. The Playhouse comes with a warranty of 5 years or more. The total cost of the Playhouse will be as per your budgetary allocations. Conclusion and recommendations: Children have endless possibilities and confidence. The parents and the teachers have a great responsibility to wean away the children from the net games.This is not to say that the net games are totally bad. But moderation in this area is the need of the hour. Children, love physical activity! Their real joy is in creativity, involvement, create playthings, alter playthings and destroy playthings. Building playhouses needs to be an important part of the syllabus for children, where the teachers should be mere observers. Watch and note what the children do, left to themselves. They can be given broad hints. The mention made about the responsibility of teachers and parents is just not an academic issue. Spending maximum time with your children is the social need of the present times.The distractions for the children and the younger generation are too many. Involvement of the parents in the activities that interest the children is one way to control them in the positive way. Staying in a play house and engaging with the children is good for both! Finally, try to awaken the hidden genius within your child. By allowing him to construct and have his own Play House! Word count: 1317. . Works Cited Collins Cobuild English Language Dictionary. Summerwood Products, Designers of Fine Outdoor Structures Szekely, George. Handmade Art, Arts and Activities Magazine, February 2001.

Simple Déjeuner French Verb Conjugations

Simple Dà ©jeuner French Verb Conjugations A single French verb,  dà ©jeuner,  is used to say to have lunch. Its a very specific word and identical to the noun for lunch,  le dà ©jeuner.  Learning how to transform, or conjugate, the verb into the past, present, or future tense is rather simple as this quick lesson will demonstrate. Conjugating the French Verb  Dà ©jeuner In English, we use -ed and -ing endings to conjugate verbs. Things  are a little more complex in French because we need to use a new ending for every subject pronoun within each tense. That means you have more than just a few words to memorize. Dont worry, though,  dà ©jeuner  is a  regular -ER verb  and that makes conjugating it just a little easier. This is particularly true if youve already memorized similar verbs such as  cuisiner (to cook)  and  demander (to ask).   To conjugate  dà ©jeuner, pair the subject pronoun with the appropriate tense. For example, I am having lunch is je dà ©jeune and we will have lunch is nous dà ©jeunerons. Practice these in context and youll be one step closer to memorizing all the forms. Subject Present Future Imperfect je djeune djeunerai djeunais tu djeunes djeuneras djeunais il djeune djeunera djeunait nous djeunons djeunerons djeunions vous djeunez djeunerez djeuniez ils djeunent djeuneront djeunaient The Present Participle of  Dà ©jeuner The  present participle  of dà ©jeuner  is  dà ©jeunant. Its as simple as adding -ant  to the verb stem. Beyond its use as a verb, it can also become an adjective, gerund, or noun when needed. The Past Participle and Passà © Composà ©Ã‚   The  passà © composà ©Ã‚  is a common way to express the past tense had lunch in French and its an alternative to the imperfect. To construct this, conjugate the  auxiliary verb  avoir  to fit the subject pronoun, then add the  past participle  dà ©jeunà ©. For example, I had lunch is jai dà ©jeunà © while we had lunch is nous avons dà ©jeunà ©. More Simple  Dà ©jeuner  Conjugations You may also find one of the following forms of  dà ©jeuner  useful as your fluency progresses. The subjunctive verb mood implies some sort of uncertainty to the action. Similarly, the conditional form says that the action will only take place  if  something else does. In literature and formal writing, the passà © simple or the imperfect subjunctive may be found. You might not use these yourself, but knowing of them will help your French reading comprehension. Subject Subjunctive Conditional Pass Simple Imperfect Subjunctive je djeune djeunerais djeunai djeunasse tu djeunes djeunerais djeunas djeunasses il djeune djeunerait djeuna djeunt nous djeunions djeunerions djeunmes djeunassions vous djeuniez djeuneriez djeuntes djeunassiez ils djeunent djeuneraient djeunrent djeunassent The imperative verb form is extremely easy and its used with just three subject pronouns. However, you do not have to include the pronoun itself: use dà ©jeune alone rather than tu dà ©jeune. Imperative (tu) djeune (nous) djeunons (vous) djeunez

Francis Bacons Classic Essay of Studies

Francis Bacons Classic Essay of Studies Francis Bacon, the first major English essayist, comments forcefully in Of Studies on the value of reading, writing,  and learning. Notice Bacons reliance on parallel structures (in particular, tricolons) throughout this concise, aphoristic  essay. Then, compare the essay to Samuel Johnsons treatment of the same theme more than a century later in On Studies. The Life of Francis Bacon Francis Bacon is considered a Renaissance man. He worked as a lawyer and scientist throughout his life (1561-1626.)  Bacons most valuable work surrounded philosophical and Aristotelian concepts that supported the scientific method. Bacon served as an Attorney General as well as Lord Chancellor of England and received his education from several universities including Trinity College and the University of Cambridge. Bacon has written over 50 essays beginning with Of in the title and following the concept, such as Of Truth, Of Atheism and Of Discourse. A few interesting facts about Bacon: Bacons uncle was the Lord Keeper for Queen Elizabeth I. He helped symbolize the approvals for key documents.He is known as the father of the scientific method which was influenced by his own Baconian method based on reason and observation.There are rumors that Bacon was mostly attracted to men, due to his late marriage in life, amongst other ​theories. Interpretations of Of Study Bacons essay expresses several comments in Of Studies that can be interpreted as the following: Studying is helpful for better understanding and provides a knowledge that develops experience, as well as  a character that grows.Reading provides delight and fun, ornament and showing off, and the ability for success.Bacon expanded upon different fields of study depending on ones goal; for example, to master clarity with language, study poetry. Of Studies Excerpt by Francis Bacon* Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability. Their chief use for delight is in privateness and retiring; for ornament, is in discourse; and for ability, is in the judgment and disposition of business. For expert men can execute, and perhaps judge of particulars, one by one; but the general counsels, and the plots and marshalling of affairs, come best from those that are learned. To spend too much time in studies is sloth; to use them too much for ornament, is affectation; to make judgment wholly by their rules, is the humor of a scholar. They perfect nature, and are perfected by experience: for natural abilities are like natural plants, that need pruning, by study; and studies themselves do give forth directions too much at large, except they be bounded in by experience. Crafty men condemn studies, simple men admire them, and wise men use them; for they teach not their own use; but that is a wisdom without them, and above them, won by observation. Read not to contradict and confute; nor to believe and take for granted; nor to find talk and discourse; but to weigh and consider. Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested; that is, some books are to be read only in parts; others to be read, but not curiously; and some few to be read wholly, and with diligence and attention. Some books also may be read by deputy, and extracts made of them by others; but that would be only in the less important arguments, and the meaner sort of books, else distilled books are like common distilled waters, flashy things. Reading maketh a full man; conference a ready man; and writing an exact man. And therefore, if a man write little, he had need have a great memory; if he confer little, he had need have a present wit: and if he read little, he had need have much cunning, to seem to know that he doth not. Histories make men wise; poets witty; the mathematics subtle; natural philosophy deep; moral grave; logic and rhetoric a ble to contend. Abeunt studia in mores [Studies pass into and influence manners]. Nay, there is no stone or impediment in the wit but may be wrought out by fit studies; like as diseases of the body may have appropriate exercises. Bowling is good for the stone and reins; shooting for the lungs and breast; gentle walking for the stomach; riding for the head; and the like. So if a man’s wit be wandering, let him study the mathematics; for in demonstrations, if his wit be called away never so little, he must begin again. If his wit be not apt to distinguish or find differences, let him study the Schoolmen; for they are cymini sectores [splitters of hairs]. If he be not apt to beat over matters, and to call up one thing to prove and illustrate another, let him study the lawyers’ cases. So every defect of the mind may have a special receipt. * Bacon published three editions of his essays (in 1597, 1612, and 1625) and the last two were marked by the addition of more essays. In many cases, they became expanded works from earlier editions. This is the best-known  version of the essay Of Studies, taken from the 1625 edition of  Essays or Counsels, Civil and Moral. Below, for the sake of comparison, is the version from the first edition (1597). Studies serve for pastimes, for ornaments, for abilities; their chief use for pastimes is in privateness and retiring; for ornaments in discourse; and for ability in judgment; for expert men can execute, but learned men are more fit to judge and censure. To spend too much time in them is sloth; to use them too much for ornament is affectation; to make judgment wholly by their rules is the humor of a scholar; they perfect nature, and are themselves perfected by experience; crafty men contemn them, wise men use them, simple men admire them; for they teach not their use, but that there is a wisdom without them and above them won by observation. Read not to contradict nor to believe, but to weigh and consider. Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested: that is, some are to be read only in parts, others to be read but curiously, and some few to be read wholly with diligence and attention. Reading maketh a full man, conference a ready, and writing an exact man; therefore, if a man write little, he had need of a great memory; if he confer little, he had need of a present wit; and if he read little, he had need have much cunning to seem to know that he doth not know. Histories make wise men; poets witty; the mathematics subtle; natural philosophy deep; moral grave; logic and rhetoric able to contend.

I would like to become a scientist Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

I would like to become a scientist - Essay Example Einstein’s theory of relativity has been a special area of my interest. Man has already traveled into space and reached the Moon, why not travel through time? If travel through space could be achieved using the concepts of science, why not time travel? To truly go where no man has gone before, this would represent a milestone in human innovation! The occupation I would like to pursue is to become a scientist, because I would then be at the forefront of innovation in technology. The challenge of developing fresh and innovative solutions to problems, the thrill of finding solutions that will enhance the quality of man’s existence upon this earth is what motivates me. This is why I would love to be a scientist. The problem of pollution and the need to find alternative energy sources is one of the most pressing challenges today. A major source of this pollution is vehicle exhaust and scientists and researchers are already looking into electric and hydrogen powered cars. But I would like to develop a unique kind of vehicle – not a car, not a bicycle but a sleek and energy efficient vehicle that can be manufactured and maintained without heavy expenses involved, and which would not contribute to the already high levels off atmospheric pollution. This is the dream which I want to convert into reality! It would be exhilarating to be at the forefront of innovative discoveries and trends. It would be exhilarating to be at the forefront of innovative discoveries and trends.  

History 1010 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

History 1010 - Essay Example The 1866 Congressional elections allowed these Republicans to take control of the Congress and continue the process of reconstruction in the south (Henretta, and Brody). This process became known as Radical Reconstruction and began the process of freeing and emancipating black Americans. After gaining control in 1866, the new Radical Republican Congress began instituting new policies that not only hindered the power of President Andrew Johnson but also helped reconstruct the south so that black Americans could gain freedom. In order to establish their plan, Radical Republicans had to work with their moderate Republicans to gain enough power in both the House of Representatives and Senate that President Andrew Johnson could not veto aspects of their plan (Henretta, and Brody). The plan started with the First Reconstruction Act of 1867. This first act named the seceded states as territory that could be controlled by the military under marital law. The troops kept peace in the region and protected the former slaves while Congress compelled the southern states to ratify the Fourteenth Amendment in order to reintegrate with the Union states. This amendment provided blacks with the rights to vote, but in order to guarantee their suffrage, Congress passed the Second Recons truction Act that put the military in charge of voter registration. In order to establish order in the South, Congress used the military to enforce the previously desired reconstructive techniques. Although they were unpopular with the people, they proved to be effective because by 1870 all the states were reabsorbed by the Union (Henretta, and Brody). The effect of the new legislation is, however, debatable. Nevertheless, Congressional Radical Revolution did not necessarily change the way black Americans were treated by society. The institution of the First and Second Reconstruction Acts, with the help of the

Personal values Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Personal values - Essay Example This is of specific reference for me as I believe that the advantages of a diversified workforce can provide various benefits to an organization as a whole. This is due to the fact that each culture has its own positive input into the business mix, if managed correctly. This appears to be the case, as the performance appraisals reveal that a more nurturing and encouraging environment is evident from the analyses of these appraisals. The entire customer service ethos within Kudler is remarkable, as this is revealed in the mission statement of the company. Issues such as professional courtesy are of specific relevance, in terms of their customer care. In my appreciation of these factors, I am in total agreement of the customer service aspect as the correct treatment of the customer can, and normally does contribute to the business’ success and overall profit. Incorporated in the consumer care, Kudler continues to strive for additional choices of products for the customer, and although at times this may prove to be expensive in terms of the cost of holding the inventory, it will rather encourage the repeat customer as well as the addition of new customer seeking such a large variety in terms of their shopping requirements. The fact that the Kudler organization is a small business and is poised for growth, contributes to my personal value of growth. This represents an opportunity for growth and advancement within the business, as it expands and opens more stores across California and further when they decide to expand beyond the Californian borders. This in turn will offer the opportunity of progressing from a junor management role into a more senior management position as the company expands. This ties in with my personal value of personal growth, which can be applied as the organization grows into a larger and more expansive retail operation, as it grows towards the planned San Francisco store and expansion. Additionally

Types Of Trade Unions Commerce Essay

Types Of Trade Unions Commerce Essay A trade union is an organization of employees formed on a continuous basis for the purpose of securing diverse range of benefits. It is a continuous association of wage earners for the purpose of maintaining and improving the conditions of their working lives. Trade union means combination, whether temporary or permanent, formed (i) primarily for the purpose of regulating the relation between (a) workmen and employers, or (b) between workmen and workmen, or (c) between employers and employers, or (ii) for imposing restrictive conditions and the conduct of any trade or business, and includes any federation of two or more trade unions. TYPES OF TRADE UNIONS Since the growth of unions are spontaneous and automatic there is no definite classification that is followed all over the country. However for clear gaps of differentiation the unions have been classified into the following categories. Industrial unions Industrial unionism is a labor union organizing method through which all workers in the same industry are organized into the same union-regardless of skill or trade-thus giving workers in one industry, or in all industries, more leverage in bargaining and in strike situations. For example:- FireBrigadeUnion the National Union of Miners (N.U.M), covering workers at all levels in the hierarchy b) General unions. A General Union is a trade union which represents workers from all industries and companies, rather than just one organization or a particular sector, as in a craft union or industrial union For example:- Indian National Trade Union Congress (INTUC) cleaners, clerical staff, transport workers C) Craft unions. Craft unionism refers to organizing a labor union in a manner that seeks to unify workers in a particular industry along the lines of the particular craft or trade that they work in by class or skill level. It contrasts with industrial unionism, in which all workers in the same industry are organized into the same union, regardless of differences in skill. For example: Musician Unions D) White Collars Union : These are for white-collar (or professional) workers who perform the same or similar tasks in different industries. It represents office workers For example:. National Union of Teachers HISTORY The seeds for the development of trade union in India were sown with the growth of industrialization. As the humanitarian movement came to India in the 19th century, worker groups made several attempts to improve their working conditions. The British introduced this movement in India to divide Indian employers and employees and beat local competition. Attempts were also made to eradicate child labour in India. The British Government was finally compelled to pass a resolution against employing children between the ages of seven to twelve for more than nine hours a day. The trade unionism in India developed quite slowly as compared to the western nations. So far as the question of formation and development of Trade Unions in India is concerned, its necessity was realised from 1875 onwards by philanthropists, social workers like Shri Soirabji Shapaji Bengalle and Shri N.M. Lokhandey. Indian Trade Union movement can be divided into three phases. The First Phase (1850 to1900) During this phase the inception of trade unions took place. During this period, the working and living conditions of the labour were poor and their working hours were long. Capitalists were only interested in their productivity and profitability. In addition, the wages were also low and general economic conditions were poor in industries. Efforts towards organizing the workers were made during the early period of industrial development on humanitarian grounds.In order to regulate the working hours and other service conditions of the Indian textile labourers; the Indian Factories Act was enacted in 1881. As a result, employment of child labour was prohibited. The growth of trade union movement was slow in this phase and later on the Indian Factory Act of 1881 was amended in 1891. Many strikes took place in the two decades following 1880 in all industrial cities. These strikes taught workers to understand the power of united action even though there was no union in real terms. Small associations like Bombay Mill-Hands Association came up by this time. The Second Phase (1900 to 1946) This phase was characterized by the development of organized trade unions and political movements of the working class. A few trade unions like The Printers Union, Calcutta (1905) the Bombay Postal Union (1907) etc were formed. Between 1918 and 1923, many unions came into existence in the country. At Ahmedabad, under the guidance of Mahatma Gandhi, occupational unions like spinners unions and weavers unions were formed. A strike was launched by these unions under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi who turned it into a satyagrah. These unions federated into industrial union known as Textile Labour Association in 1920. In 1920, the First National Trade union organization (The All India Trade Union Congress (AITUC)) was established. Many of the leaders of this organization were leaders of the national Movement. In 1926, Trade union law came up with the efforts of Mr. N.M Joshi that became operative from 1927. During 1928, All India Trade Union Federation (AITUF) was formed. Besides Gandhi , the Whitly Commission on Labour in India (1929-31) had also pointed out that the Modem industrialism is itself of western importation and the difficulties which it creates for labour in India are similar to the difficulties it has created elsewhere. In these conditions the Commission realised that it is power to combine that labour has the only effective safeguard against exploitation and the only lasting security against inhuman conditions. Moreover the Commission did not find an evidence of any alternative remedy that is likely to prove effective. So it emphasised that the need of organisation among Indian workmen is great and it further recommended that nothing but a strong Trade Union movement will give the Indian working class adequate protection. The Third Phase (After 1947) The third phase began with the emergence of independent India (in 1947). The partition of country affected the trade union movement particularly Bengal and Punjab. The Planning Commission drafted its first five year plan, setting therein necessary targets of production industrial as well as agricultural to be achieved during the next five years. For having industrial advancement, Industrial Policy Resolution in 1948, was also prepared. As the economic progress is bound up with the Industrial peace so for the successful implementation of the plans, particularly in the economy organised for planned production and distribution, the co-operation from Trade Unions was considered absolutely essential at different stages of the execution of the plans. Accordingly, it was realised that the question of maintenance of smooth industrial relations was not a matter between employers and employees alone. But it was a vital concern of the community. Therefore their relationship has to be of a par tnership in this constructive endeavour. This was the reason why it was provided in the first five year plan that the dignity of labour must be recognised so that the workers who on account of hardships of illiteracy and ignorance and lack of opportunities have not been able to play as effective a role in the working of industry as they should, could understand and carry out their responsibility and could take an increasing share in the industry. Accordingly the workers right of association, organisation and collective bargaining was accepted and it was laid down in this plan that they (Trade unions) should be welcomed and helped to function as part and parcel of the industrial system. The necessity of Trade Unions was so much considered that no difference between the workers working in privately owned industries or in publicly owned industries was made. By 1949, four central trade union organizations were functioning in the country The All India Trade Union Congress (AITUC) The Indian National Trade Union Congress (INTUC) The Hindu Mazdoor Sangh (HMS) The United Trade Union Congress (UTUC) The working class movement was also politicized along the lines of political parties. For instance Indian national trade Union Congress (INTUC) is the trade union arm of the Congress Party. The AITUC is the trade union arm of the Communist Party of India. Besides workers, white-collar employees, supervisors and managers are also organized by the trade unions, as for example in the Banking, Insurance and Petroleum industries. OBJECTIVE The objectives of the trade unions generally are: I . They strive for achieving higher wages and better conditions for the members. 2. They not only minimize the helplessness of the individual workers by making them stand collectively and increasing their resistance power through collective bargaining but also protect their member against victimization or injustice of the employers. 3. They provide the worker self confidence and a feeling that they are not simply a log in the machine. 4. They imbibe a spirit of sincerity and discipline in the workers 5. They also take up welfare measures for improving the morale of the workers. 6. They demand an increasing share for workers in the management of industrial enterprises. They help in raising the status of workers as partners of Industry and as citizens of the society. This is another important area, which has a great impact on the industrial relations system. Labour legislation has been instrumental in shaping the course of industrial relations in India. Establishment of social justice has been the principle, which has guided the origin and development of labour legislation in India. The setting up of the International Labour Organization gave an impetus to the consideration of welfare and working conditions of the workers all over the world and also led to the growth of labour laws in all parts of the world, including 1ndia4. Some of the other factors which gave impetus to the development of labour laws in India were the Swaraj Movement of 192 1 -24 and the appointment of the Royal Commission on Labour in 1929. The labour laws regulate not only the conditions of work of industrial establishments, but also industrial relations, payment of wages, registration of trade unions, certification of standing orders etc. In addition, they provide social se curity measures for workers. They desire legal rights and obligations of employees and employers and also provide guidelines for their relationship. In India, all laws emanate from the constitution of India. Under the constitution, Labour is a concurrent subject, i..e., both the central and state governments can enact labour legislation, with the clause that the state legislature cannot enact a law which is repugnant to the central law. A rough estimate places the total number of enactments in India to be around 160. Workers Participation With the outbreak of First World War, countries like England, France, West Germany and USA experienced an industrial unrest largely because labor was regarded as a commodity of commerce which was exploited to its maximum. Because of the unrest they recognized the fact that labor is not a commodity to be sold at a price, but should be treated as human beings having capacity to grow and accept responsibility as citizens. A worker wants to participate in the affairs of the industry and contribute to the effectiveness of the co-operative enterprise to which he belongs. The human relations philosophy popularized by Elton Mayo gave the importance of human factor in the organization. Man is not purely an economic animal but a member of the group sharing its norms and goals. Workers participation aimed at giving the workers a feeling of having a place of their own in the social structure of the country, ultimately providing a social base. The humanitarian approach to labor brought about a new set of values, both for the workers and employers; power has been replaced by persuasion, authoritarianism by democracy and compulsion by co-operation. It is quite logical that people have right to choose their own government, has right to choose the management of the enterprise to which they belong. It rests on fundamental premise that the worker is not a slave who has no rights at all, he is a citizen employed in an industry and has opinions of his own which should be taken into account while formulating the policies and making decisions. The factory is not a mechanical entity which is governed by mechanical principles and economic laws, but a social system which is subject to democratic rights of those who are involved in it. In India, Mahatma Gandhi had already launched the idea of trusteeship after the First World War, and some experiments had followed in the Ahmedabad textile mills. After independence, the Government of India consolidated tripartism and created consultative forums. The various types of involvement with employees varied greatly, though, as several organizations established different practices in India. Information-sharing, suggestion schemes, consultation and, only in a few cases, co-determination or participation in its true sense, exist in many organizations. Issues The issues on which workers or employees are to be consulted have also varied widely. Broadly speaking, the range of issues in any enterprise on which decisions need to be taken from time to time can be classified under five major heads: Safety and Welfare issues; Work-Related issues (production on the shop floor, quality, machine maintenance); Sharing of gains (wages, incentives, allowances); Production-related issues (product-mix, plant production targets, technology) and; Business policy (expansion, contraction, pricing). Workers participation is system of communication and consultation, either formal or informal, by which employees of an organization are kept informed about affairs of the undertaking and through which they express their opinion and contribute to management decisions. It is based on the principles of equity, equality and voluntarism. It gives employees representatives the right to criticize, to offer constructive suggestions, and to become aware of various delicate issues involved in decision-making. The participation enhances employees ability to influence, decision-making at different levels of the organizational hierarchy with assumption of responsibility. Participation Refers to mental emotional involvement of Workers in unions activities it is more behaviorist rather than an attitudinal concept. Indicators of participations 1-participation in unions elections 2-membership enrolment subscription 3-membership on union committees 4-Attending unions meetings 5-Involvement in unions welfare social responsibility functions. Factors influencing WP in Unions 1-The type of leadership is available in unions 2-the history of labour management relations in a plant 3-the age, experience, skills educations, caste, employment of workers. 4- the style of supervision, motivation, morale, wage structure in the industry. 5-Welfare measures fringe benefits available to workers. Advantages of W.P in Unions 1-W.P in unions activities gives solidarity strength to the unions. 2-It helps in developing leadership from the rank ensures a strong bargaining power. 3- it checks the tendency on the part of selected leaders to become all powerful by a vigilant participative membership. 4-It is essential not only from the viewpoint of betterment of unions leaders but for the very success of trade unionism. Employers Associations Effectiveness of any industrial relations system whether based on legislation or voluntary arrangements, depends to a great extent on the attitude that unions and employers organizations adopt towards each other. The intention in covering employers organizations under the Trade unions Act, 1926 was to place both workers and employers organizations on a par in matters of rights and responsibilities. the principal of giving equal representation to capital and labour on all consultative bodies like the Indian Labour Conference, Standing Labour Committee and industrial committees recognizes this basic tenet in the employer- employee relationship. Functions Communication Advisory Functions Educational Efforts Representational Functions Functions of Social Responsibilities TRADE UNION ACT, 1926 The Trade Unions Act was passed in 1926 under the title of the Indian Trade unions Act and was brought into effect from 1st June 1927. The act was amended in 1947, 1960 and 1962. Subsequently, the word Indian was deleted from the amended Act of 1964, which came into force from 1st April 1965. Objectives of Act Terms and conditions required for trade unions to become officially registered. Responsibilities expected from a registered trade union. Rights and liabilities of registered trade unions Applicability of the Act The Act extends to the whole of India. The act was extended to Jammu Kashmir by the Central Labour Laws Act 1970 with effect from 1st September 1971. The Act applies not only to the unions of workers but also to the associations of employers. The Act is a central legislation, but it is administered and enforced mostly by state governments. For the purpose of this act, the Central government handles the cases of only those unions whose activities are not confined to one state. All other unions are the concern of state governments. The registrars of trade unions are appointed both by the central and state governments. They can also appoint additional or Deputy Registrars who may exercise the powers and functions of the Registrars, as they think fit so as to obviate delays in the disposal of applications for the registration of trade unions. Scope (a) Only persons engaged in Trade or Business (which includes an Industry) can form a trade union or become members of the trade union. As such persons employed in Raj Bhawan for domestic and other duties cannot form a trade union. Likewise, the government servants engaged in the task of sovereign and legal functions are not entitled to the registration of a trade union. (b) The Trade Unions Act 1926 applies to the whole of Indian Union. (c) Any person who has attained the age of 15 years may become the member of a registered trade union. Functions of Unions The functions of unions include intramural, extramural and political. Intramural functions are those activities which are at the betterment of needs of workers in relation to their employment such as ensuring adequate wages, securing better conditions of work, rest interval, continuity of employment etc. Extramural activities are those which perform to help the workers in times of need and improve their efficiency. They also include welfare measures and conduct recreational functions for the workers. The history of trade unionism in the country records profound effects of political leaders. The route of action, the concentration of work moves from workers to a more universal area- politics. In India most of the unions are politically affiliated or have strong support of leading political parties of the country. Thus the trade unions use their franchise to capture the government which indirectly results in acquiring stronger hold of power through political influence for their trade union. Penalties A. Failure to submit returns (Section 31): Section 31 of The Trade Union Act, 1926 states about the penalties on failure to submit returns by registered Trade Union. It contains, (1) If default is made on the part of any registered Trade Union in giving any notice or sending any statement or other document as required by or under any provision of this Act, every (office-bearer) or other person bound by the rules of the Trade Union to give or send the same . Again, if there is no such or person, every member of the executive of the Trade Union, shall be punishable with fine which may extend to five rupees and in the case of a continuing default, with an additional fine which may extend to five rupees for each week after the first during which the default continues and provided that the aggregate fine shall not exceed fifty rupees. (2) Any person who willfully makes, or causes to be made, any false entry in, or any omission from the general statement required by section 28, or in or form any copy of rules or of alterations of rules sent to the Registrar under that Section, shall be punishable with fine which may extend to five hundred rupees. B. Supplying false information regarding Trade Union (Section 32): Any person who, wit intent to deceive, gives to any member of a registered Trade Union or to any document purporting or applying to become a member of such Trade Union, any document purporting to be a copy of the rules of the Trade Union or of any alterations to the same which he knows, or has reason to believe, is not a correct copy of such rules or alterations as are for the time being in force. On the other hand, any person who, with the like intent gives a copy of any rules of an unregistered Trade Union to any person on the pretence that such rules are the rules of a registered Trade Union, shall be punishable with fine which may extend to two hundred rupees. C. Cognizance of offence (Section 33): (1) No court inferior to that of a Presidency Magistrate or a Magistrate of the first class shall try any offence under this Act. (2) No court shall take cognizance of any offence under this Act unless complaint thereof has been made by or with the previous sanction 32, by the person to whom the copy was given, within six months of the date on which the offence is alleged to have been committed. Provisions of the Act The main provisions of the act relate to 1. Definition 2. Registration of trade unions 3. Duties and liabilities of registered trade unions 4. Rights and privileges of registered trade unions. 5. Amalgamation and dissolution of trade unions. 6. Submission of returns 7. Penalties and fines. 8. Power to make regulations. Registration Application Application Any seven or more members of a Trade union may, by subscribing their names to the rules of the trade union and by otherwise complying with the provisions of this Act with respect to registration, apply for registration of the trade union under this Act. Registration Every application for registration of a Trade union shall be made to the Registrar, and shall be accompanied by copy of the rules of the trade union and a statement of the following particulars namely; (a) The names, occupations and addresses of the members making the application (b) The name of the trade union and the address of its Head Office and (c) The titles, names, ages, addresses and occupations of the office bearers of the trade union. The Trade Unions Act Does Not Affect 1. Any agreement between partners as to their own business 2. Any agreement between an employer and those employed by him as to such employment; or 3. Any agreement in consideration of the sale of the goodwill of a business or of instruction in any profession, trade or handicraft. EXISTING TRADE UNIONS At present there are 10 Central Trade Union Organizations in India: All India Trade Union Congress (AITUC) It was established in 1920 as a result of a resolution passed by the organized workers of Bombay and the delegates which met in a conference on 31 October 1920. It was attended by such first rank political leaders as Motilal Nehru, MA Jinnae, Mrs. Annie Besant and Vallabhai Patel and Col. Wedgewood on behalf of the British Trade Union Congress. The first president was Lala Lajpat Rai. Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh (BMS) This union has been the outcome of the decision taken by the Jana Sangh in its convention at Bhopal on 23rd July, 1954. Centre of Indian Trade Unions (CITU) This was formed in 1970 when as a result of the rift in the AITUC; some members of the Communist Party seceded. Hind Mazdoor Sabha (HMS) When the Socialists separated from the Congress, those who were dissatisfied with the pro-Communist policies of the INTUC formed a new organization, the Hind Mazdoor panchayat, which was merged with the Indian Federation of Labour in 1948 under the name of the Hind Mazdoor Sabha. It is an organ of the Praja Socialist Party. Indian National Trade Union Congress (INTUC) The INTUC came into existence on 4th May, 1948, as a result of the resolution passed on 17th November 1947, by the United Board of the Hindustan Mazdoor Sevak Sangh, which was a labour organisation working under the direction of National Congress-minded labour leaders on the Gandhian Philosophy of Sarvodaya. Since AITUC was under the stronghold of the Communists, the Congress labour leaders thought of forming a new central trade union organization. To give effect to this idea, a conference was held at New Delhi under the chairman ship of Sardar Vallabhai Patel. It was inaugurated by Shri Acharya J.B. Kripalani (on May 3, 1947) and was attended by eminent nationalist and socialist leaders. National Front of Indian Trade Unions (NFITU) This union was founded in 1967, with the claim that this is the only trade union in India which is not controlled by any of the political parties, employers or government. National Labor Organization (NLO) Trade Unions Co-ordination Centre (TUCC) Trade Union Coordination Committee is a central trade union federation in India. TUCC is politically attached to All India Forward Bloc. According to provisional statistics from the Ministry of Labour, TUCC had a membership of 732760 in 2002. The general secretary is Nripendra Kumar Mahto. United Trade Union Congress (UTUC) Some trade union leaders of the socialist bent met together in December 1948 to form a new central organisation of labour, called Hind Mazdoor Sabha. Some of the leaders did not agree with the principles and objectives of the Sabha and they therefore, again met at Calcutta on December 27, 1948, and decided to call upon a conference of trade union leaders to form a united Trade Union Committee. This Committee called for a meeting of the various leaders at Calcutta on April 30, 1949 and formed a new union under the name of United Trade Union Congress. United Trade Union Congress Lenin Sarani (UTUC LS) It is a Central Trade Union Organisation in India and the labour wing of the Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist). Presently its activities are spread over 19 states. The organisation claims to have 600 affiliated unions, comprising an individual membership of over two million. It is the 6th largest trade union in India. According to provisional statistics from the Ministry of Labour, UTUC-LS had a membership of 1,368,535 in 2002. AFFILIATED ORGANISATIONS UNDER INTERNATIONAL TRADE UNION CONFEDERATION Hind Mazdoor Sabha (HMS) 5,788,822 Indian National Trade Union Congress (INTUC) 8,200,000 Origin: Came into existence on 4th May 1948,as a result of the resolution passed on 17th November 1947,by the central board of the Hindustan Mazdoor Sevak Sangh. Objectives: It aims at the sarvodaya ideal and stands for gradual transformation of the existing social order. It aims at establishing a socialist state in India. It aims at placing industry under national ownership and control in a suitable form in order to realise the desired order of society. Methods Used: These strike is like a Brahmastra and is not to be resorted to in a light-hearted manner and made cheap and blunt. Political Affiliation: Affiliated with the Indian Natinal Congress (the ruling party). Its relations with the government are based on the mutuality. Self-Employed Womens Association (SEWA) 1,325,752 STRUCTURE The structure of unions refers to the basis on which unions are organised (i.e., whether they are organised on craft or industrial or general union basis) and to the pattern whereby the plant unions are linked to regional level or national level federations or unions. Unions in India are largely organised by industry rather than craft. Although industrial unionism has been the general trend, craft unions have also emerged here and there; primarily, they exist among non-manual workers like administrative staff, professionals, technicians, etc. Ahmedabad Textile Labour Association is the sole example of craft union of manual workers. Another aspect of the structure of unions in India relates to their pattern of relationship between national level, regional level, local level and plant level unions. Let us see how they are related in India. Plant level Unions The first level in the structure from below is the plant level union. This comprises the unions in one organisation or factory. Please note that only seven members are required to form a union. This has lead to multiple unions in one factory Local Level federations. This is the second level in the structure from below. The local trade union federation holds together the plant level unions at the local level in a particular craft and industry. These local level federations might be affiliated to either some regional level or national level federation or these may be independent. Regional level federations These are the organisations of all the constituent unions in a particular state or region. The importance of such federations cannot be exaggerated. In a country like India, conditions vary from region to region. The style of living, languages, customs, traditions, conditions, etc. are different. Therefore, it is better that workers are organised at regional or state level. These regional federations may have members of two kinds: (1) The plant level unions affiliating themselves to these directly and (2) The local federations. In the second case, plant level unions become the members of regional federation indirectly through the local federations. It may be noted that the regional federations may be independent or they may get affiliated to some national federation. National federations. These are national level bodies to which plant level unions, local unions or regional level unions may get affiliated. These are the apex bodies at the top of the structure. They act as coordinating bodies. Th

How Holography Works :: Holography Holograms Physics

To develop and understanding of how holograms work, one first needs a basic understanding of light and its wave-like properties. First, we will consider investigate the concepts of diffraction and an interference pattern. Consider, for a moment, a person threw a rock into a pond. At the point where the rock hit the water, waves would form and would move away from the source of the wave (the rock) in a spherical shape. This is what a wave looks like when the wave is being emitted from a single point. Now, consider a water wave that is traveling through a small slit in a wall. The waves would emerge form that slit like it would from a point source (the rock). The waves travel through the slit and emerge in a spherical pattern. Now, lets take the next step. Lets say instead of just one slit, two slits were put in the wall. Waves would emerge from each point in a spherical pattern. But this time, the system is more complicated. Because the waves are emerging in spherical patterns, the waves begin to intersect with each other and form an interference pattern. Every wave has crests and troughs. A crest can be thought of as the high point of a wave and a trough can be thought of as the low point of a wave. Every wave can be expressed a sin function, that is, it is periodic. These crests and troughs occur at regular intervals in the wave. So, when these waves from the two slits in the wall start intersecting, the crests and troughs start intersecting with each other; this is known as an interference pattern. If the periods of the waves are lined up, or rather the waves are in phase with each other, the crests and troughs of the two waves overlap and reinforce each other. That is, it looks like there is a wave that is twice as large as one of the original waves at a particular point of intersection; this is known as constructive interference. Now, lets consider a point of intersection where the crest of one wave is present where the trough of the other wave is present. These two waves at this point are out of phase and are experiencing destructive interference. The water would actually look calm at this point, because the waves, in a sense, cancel each other out.